Lighting Systems Textbook

LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
1.1 LIGHT
Is the form of
electromagnetic radiation
that allows the eye to see. It
can be in a form of natural
light and artificial light.
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
Behavior of Light
Illuminance is the amount of
light striking a surface.
Luminance is the amount of
light leaving an object; it is
how bright an object
appears. The eye sees the
visible light leaving an
object, not the light arriving
at the object.
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Behavior of Light
1.
Reflectance- is the ratio of reflected
light versus the light striking the
surface.
• Specular- occurs when light is
reflected off a polished or mirror-like
surface wherein the reflected image is
maintained.
• Diffuse- results when reflected light is
scattered after striking the surface.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
Behavior of Light
2. Transmittance- is the
ratio of light transmitted
through the body versus the
light illuminating the surface.
• Transparent bodytransmit light through it
without distorting the
image (e.g. clear glass)
• Translucent bodytransmit light but obscures
the image because light is
scattered (e.g. obscured
glass)
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
Behavior of Light
3. Absorptance- is the ratio
of the light absorbed versus
the light striking the surface.
• Opaque bodyilluminance will be
reflected and absorbed
but will not be transmitted.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
Color of Light
1. Color perception- the
ability to distinguish and
interpret different
wavelengths of visible light.
The perceived color of an
object depends on the
dominant wavelength that
luminate from it. In natural
light, a surface that reflects
all wavelengths appears
bright while a surface that
absorbs all wavelengths
appears black.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
Color of Light
2. Visual Acuity- ability to
distinguish fine details; it is
the keenness of vision
necessary to perform tasks
like reading, writing, drafting
or surgery.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
Color of Light
3. Color Blindness- the
inability to distinguish color
(red, blue, green)
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
Lets test!
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
Lets test!
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
Lets test!
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
Lets test!
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
Lets test!
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
1.2 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
Color Quality
There are two methods used
to rate the quality of color
emitted by a light source:
Color Rendering Index- is a
method of numerically
comparing the color
distribution of a light source
to a reference lamp.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
1.2 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
Color Quality
Color Rendering Index
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
CRI
(MINIMUM)
APPLICATION/S
<50
Non-critical industrial, storage, and
security lighting
Color Quality
50-70
Color Rendering Index
Application/s
Industrial and general illumination where
color is not important
70-79
Offices, schools, and recreational
spaces where color is not important
80-89
Hotels, restaurants, offices, schools,
hospitals, and retail and retail where
color is not important
90-100
Retail and museum gallery/ display
where color is quality is critical
1.2 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
1.2 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
Color Quality
Correlated Color
Temperature (CCT)
The color of light emitted by
a light source correlates to
the temperature of the
emitting light source.
Measured in Kelvin (K).
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
1.2 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
Kelvin (K)
Applications
<2500
Bulk industrial and security lighting
2700-3000
Residences, hotels, restaurants,
themed environment and some
commercial/office space
2950-3500
Display lighting in retails, galleries
3500-4100
Offices, schools, hospitals, some
retail
5000-7500
Special application where color
discrimination is critical and
uncommon to general lighting
Color Quality
Color Temperature
Application/s
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
1.2 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
Color Quality
Correlated Color
Temperature
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
1.2 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
Color Quality
Correlated Color Temperature
1. Warm Lighting- less than
about 3,500K emitting mostly red
and yellow wavelengths
2. Cool Lighting- greater than
about 5000K emitting mostly
blue and white wavelengths
3. Daylighting- temperature is
between 4,500 to 6,000K with
the lower side warmer and the
upper side cooler.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
1.2 ARTIFICIAL
LIGHTING
Color Quality
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
1.2 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
Lamp
Ave. Efficacy
4ft. 40 Watt T12
(lumens/watt)
Uses
1. Daylight
51
-used where color matching is
important; equivalent to a north;
not in general use because of
high proportion of blue
2. Cool
White
58
-combines high efficiency with
good color rendering; used in
factories, offices, schools; rather
cold in appearance
3. Deluxe
Cool White
42
-less efficient than daylight by
20%; has better color rendering
properties in the long
wavelengths; used in stores and
some factories where color is
important
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
Lamp
1.2 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
Ave. Efficacy Uses
4ft. 40 Watt T12
(lumens/watt)
4. White
59
-highest efficiency lamp; often
used in factories and offices
5. Warm
White
59
-high efficiency lamp, only
moderate color rendering; poor
with reds—emphasis is yellow
and yellow greens; used in
offices
6. Deluxe
Warm
White
42
-most efficient lamp; closest
approximation to tungsten
filament color rendering; suitable
for homes, restaurants, hotels
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
2 LAMPS
Lamp- a device that generates light (a source of light)
Bulb- a glass portion of the lamp that encloses and protects the working
parts of the light source
Luminaire- a complete lighting unit, which consists of a lamp, lamp
socket, any lenses, reflectors, louvers, any ballast and the housing.
Lighting Fixture- the luminaire without the lamp. It includes the
structural parts of the luminaire including mounting supports, wiring, and
ballast but does not include the lamp.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
2 LAMPS
Light Output
Luminous Flux- measure of
perceived power of light expressed
in lumens (lm)
Luminous Intensity- the power
emitted by a light source in a
particular direction expressed in
candela (cd); improperly called as
candlepower.
Luminous Efficacy- ratio of light
output of a lamp to the electric
energy consumed; used to
determine efficiency of a bare lamp.
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
2.1 FILAMENT LAMPS
Produces light by passing electrical current
to a filament.
• Incandescent Lamps (Edison Lamp)
- Composed basically of a sealed glass
containing a filament connected at its
ends to the contact area in the base
thereby completing an electric circuit.
- Emit visible light as a result of heating
- Low cost, reliability, familiarity, good color
rendition
- Warm light, poor efficacy, sensitive to
voltage fluctuations
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
2.1 FILAMENT LAMPS
Produces light by passing electrical current to a filament.
• Incandescent Lamps (Edison Lamp)
- The glass envelope comes in a variety of shapes and sizes; bulb
designations consist of a letter to indicate its shape; and a number
to indicate the diameter in eights of an inch. The various shapes
are:
Standard (A)
Ellipsoidal Reflector (ER)
Reflector (R)
Globular (G)
Straight (S)
Tubular (T)
Pear-shape (PR)
Flame (F)
e.g. PS 30 lamp is therefore a pear-shaped bulb 30/8 or 3-3/4” in
diameter.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL
LIGHT SOURCES
2.1 FILAMENT LAMPS
Produces light by passing
electrical current to a
filament.
• Incandescent Lamps
(Edison Lamp)
Types of filament shapes:
-straight
-coiled coil
-coiled
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
SOURCES
2.1 FILAMENT LAMPS
Produces light by passing electrical
current to a filament.
• Incandescent Lamps (Edison Lamp)
Types of glass bulb shapes:
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL
LIGHT SOURCES
2.1 FILAMENT LAMPS
Produces light by passing
electrical current to a
filament.
• Incandescent Lamps
(Edison Lamp)
Types of bases:
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL
LIGHT SOURCES
2.1 FILAMENT LAMPS
Produces light by passing
electrical current to a
filament.
• Tungsten-Halogen
Lamps
- Frequently called halogen
lamps. Are smaller,
brighter, and more
expensive version of
incandescent lamp. These
lamps contain high
pressure halogen gases
such as iodine and
bromine, which allow the
tungsten to be operated at
higher efficacy.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
2.1 FILAMENT LAMPS
Produces light by passing electrical current to
a filament.
• Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
- These lamps are hotter-burning
incandescent
- It uses halogen gas cycle to prevent rapid
depreciation of the lamp filament and
darkening of the transparent envelop.
- Better color rendition, more light output and
longer life span than incandescent
- Easy to control light output
- Warm light
- Generate intense heat, requires good
ventilation
- Can shatter if scratched or damaged
during installation
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
2.2 GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS
Produces continuous light by passing electricity through a gas
contained within the lamp; the electric discharge produces ultraviolet
radiation that causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp to
glow.
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
2.2 GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS
• Fluorescent Lamps
- Composed of tubular glass bulb that is covered with
thin phosphor coating on its inside surface
- The glass bulb is filled with low-pressure mercury
vapour; are equipped with filament-like coils at the
ends (cathodes)
- Consumes less energy and longer life span
compared with incandescent lamps
- High efficacy; not sensitive to voltage fluctuations
- Hums; longer/larger in size
- Produce a diffuse light source that is relatively glare
free and visually comfortable, unlike concentrated
light emitted by filament lamps
- Warm light, cool white, daylight, deluxe warm white,
soft white
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
SOURCES
2.2 GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS
• Fluorescent Lamps- these are
classified as:
1. Linear Fluorescent Lamps (LFL)available in straight, u-shaped and
circular
a. T12, T10, T8, T6, T5, T4, T2, are
commonly used straight tubes while
T9 are used for circular lamps.
b. T10 lamps delivers almost the same
amount of lumen output for about
20% fewer watts than T12, and have
higher lumen maintenance
c. T5 are designed to peak in lumen
output at a higher ambient
temperature
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
2.2 GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS
• Fluorescent Lamps- these are classified as:
1.
Linear Fluorescent Lamps (LFL)
Types According to method of tube operation
Preheat
-needs starter but not always; 2.5 seconds delay in start of lamp after
switch is on; class is switch-start or starter-start; starters can be
eliminated by using a device “trigger-start ballast” (provides current
limiting function and appropriate automatic starting system).
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
2.2 GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS
• Fluorescent Lamps- these are classified as:
1.
Linear Fluorescent Lamps (LFL)
Types According to method of tube operation
Instant Start
- Starts as soon as current is turned on and eliminates the need for
external starters
- They have single pin bases which are called “slim-line” lamps.
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
2.2 GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS
• Fluorescent Lamps- these are classified as:
1. Linear Fluorescent Lamps (LFL)
Types According to method of tube operation
Rapid Start
- Most recent developments and one that is most widely used
- Use low-resistance electrodes which can be heated continuously with low
current loses.
- The only fluorescent lamps that are recommended to be electrically
dimmed or flashed; requires no external starters and quickly starts in an
instant; ballast are smaller and more efficient; can be designed with
battery pack
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
2.2 GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS
• Fluorescent Lamps- these are classified as:
2. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)miniature fluorescent lamps; most are now
manufactured with integral ballasts.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL
LIGHT SOURCES
2. 3 HIGH INTENSITY
DISCHARGE LAMPS
Produces a very bright light
by discharging an arc when
electrical current passes
through a metal gas
contained under high
pressure in a glass bulb;
most HID requires a ballast
and transformer
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
SOURCES
2. 3 HIGH INTENSITY
DISCHARGE LAMPS
• Mercury Vapor Lamps (MV)
- The first HID lamps to be
developed
- Contains mercury vapor in a
clear quartz arc tube, which
when electrically excited,
produces visible light of
characteristically blue-green
color.
- Suitable only for limited
industrial areas, general
outdoor applications and street
lighting
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
SOURCES
2. 3 HIGH INTENSITY
DISCHARGE LAMPS
• Mercury Vapor Lamps (MV)
- Constructed of internal quartz
tube enclosed in a bulb; a small
amount of liquid mercury is
sealed in an argon gas filled
inside the quartz tube.
- Low color rendition but phosphor
can be added for improvement
- Requires warm-up; higher
efficacy than filament lamps;
longer life span than Metal Halide
lamp; better lumen maintenance
than FL
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
SOURCES
2. 3 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE
LAMPS
• Metal Halide Lamps (MH)
- Modification of the mercury vapor with
an arc of improved color
- Possesses therefore increased light
output
- Improved color rendition without the
use of phosphors and small source
size
- Constructed similar with MV but with
various metal compound mixture
(halide) to improve luminous efficacy
- Produces high level of UV radiation;
life span is shorter than MV
- Uses: billboards, sports field
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
2. 3 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS
• High Pressure Sodium Lamps (HPS)
- Contain an internal arc tube made of translucent ceramic material
rather than quartz glass with a small amount of solid metallic sodium,
and mercury is sealed in a xenon gas fill
- Operates in higher temperature than MV and MH
- Warm-up period is shorter than MV and MH
- Orange-white and orange-yellow light
- Commonly used for outdoor application but can be employed in high
ceiling interiors
- Very efficient lumen maintenance
- Longest life span; better efficacy than any other lamp of the same
wattage
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
2. 3 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE
LAMPS
• Low Pressure Sodium Lamps
- Are blended between HID and FL
technologies
- Constructed of large sodium-resistant
glass tube containing sodium and neonargon gas mixture
- Very low color rendition
- Orange-yellow light
- Shorter re-light time compared to HPS
- Efficient lumen maintenance and higher
efficacy than MH and MV
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL
LIGHT SOURCES
2. 4 SOLID-STATE
LIGHTING
Refers to a type of lighting
that uses light-emitting
diodes (LEDs), Organic
light-emitting diodes
(OLEDs), or polymer lightemitting diodes (PLEDs)
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
SOURCES
2. 4 SOLID-STATE LIGHTING
• Light Emitting Diode (LED)
- Provides a desired bright, white,
colored and long-lasting light.
Ideal for retail, feature lighting,
ceiling fixture, cove light etc.
- A semiconductor that consists of a
chip of semiconducting material
treated to create a structure with
two electron-charged materials.
When connected to power source,
electrons jumps and emits energy
in a form of a photon (light).
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL
LIGHT SOURCES
2. 4 SOLID-STATE LIGHTING
• Light Emitting Diode (LED)
- The specific color emitted by
an LED depends on the
materials used to make the
diode, red LEDs are based
on aluminum gallium
arsenide. While light can be
achieved by phosphor
coating or by RGB system.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
2. 4 SOLID-STATE LIGHTING
• Light Emitting Diode (LED)
- About size of a pea with high efficacy
- A single LED is powered by about 1W
- Ganged together for more light output; a 10W LED produces more light than a
100WI
- Vibration and shock resistant
- No mercury, no toxic gases and no filament
- Not subject to sudden failure or burnout
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL
LIGHT SOURCES
2. 4 SOLID-STATE
LIGHTING
• Light Emitting Diode
(LED)
- Low voltage and cool to
touch
- Are currently improved
for focus lighting
reducing the need for
reflectors and diffusers
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
SOURCES
2.5 REFLECTOR LAMPS
Are lamp luminaires with built-in
reflecting surface used for
incandescent, CFL, HID and LED
Elliptical Reflector (R)
Is an incandescent lamp with an
elliptically shaped reflector
Parabolic Aluminized Reflector
(PAR)
May be used in incandescent, halogen
tube, HID, CFL or LED
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
3 LUMINAIRES
3.1 Luminaires (or Lighting Fixture)
is the device which supports the source or sources of electric light and redirects or helps to
control the light rays from the source. Control of the rays is necessary to secure even
distribution, to avoid glare, to cut-off direct rays to the eyes and eliminates disturbing reflection
of the rays from polished surfaces.
3 LUMINAIRES
3.1 Luminaires (or Lighting Fixture)
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
Classification of Luminaires
1.
Direct – 90%-100% of the light
output is directed downwards.
2.
Semi-Direct – 60%-90% of light is
directed downwards; while 40%10% is directed upwards.
3.
General Diffuse or DirectIndirect – provides approximately
equal distribution of light upwards
and downwards.
4.
Semi-Indirect – 60%-90% of the
light is directed upwards; 40%-10%
downwards.
5.
Indirect – 90%-100% of the light
output is directed towards the
ceiling and upper walls of the
room.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
3 LUMINAIRES
3.2 Luminaire lighting System
1.
Cornice Lighting- a system where light sources are shielded by a panel parallel to the
wall and attached to the ceiling to distribute light downwards over the wall. This is
considered as direct lighting.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
3 LUMINAIRES
3.2 Luminaire lighting System
2. Cove Lighting- a system where light sources are shielded by a ledge to distribute light
upwards over the ceiling and upper wall. It is a form of indirect lighting.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
3 LUMINAIRES
3.2 Luminaire lighting System
3. Valance Lighting- a system where light
sources are shielded by a panel parallel to the
wall usually across the top of a window. This
provides light both upwards and downwards over
the wall.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
3 LUMINAIRES
3.3 Commercial Types of Luminaire
1.
Ceiling Mounted Down Lights:
- A luminaire that is usually attached (surface-mounted) to or recessed in the
ceiling and emits concentrated light downward.
- Down Light – a fixture producing concentrated direct lighting from a single bulb.
It way be recessed in or mounted on the ceiling
- Eye ball – recessed or semi-recessed lighting unit with a rotating spherical
element that may be turned to project light in any direction.
- High Hat – a term often applied to a can-type of recessed incandescent
downlight.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
3 LUMINAIRES
3.3 Commercial Types of Luminaire
2. Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR)
- Made of two glass parts; one is the reflector
welded together
- Because of more precise parabolic control, PAR
lamps are sometimes aimed into a tight beam
designed to hit a specific object or a smaller
surface area. Such lamp is designated as a
spot.
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
3 LUMINAIRES
3.3 Commercial Types of Luminaire
3. Directional Lighting
- Spotlight- luminaire designed to emit an intense, concentrated beam
of light usually no more than 20 degrees spread from where it is
directed
- Flood light- a luminaire that emits intense light that is broader than a
spotlight and is capable of being pointed in any direction
- Track Light- a directional lighting where luminaires are attached to
and are moveable along a metal track
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
3 LUMINAIRES
3.3 Commercial Types of Luminaire
4. Pendants
- A luminaire that is hung with a cord, chain or tube
that enables it to be suspended from a ceiling
- Low Bay- are designed for low to medium ceiling
areas
- High Bay- luminaires used in high ceiling areas
that requires uniform illumination
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
3 LUMINAIRES
3.3 Commercial Types of Luminaire
5. Wall Washers/ Wall Sconce/ Wall
Lights:
- A decorative, wall-mounted luminaires that
provide ambient illumination by directing light
upward, downward or in all direction
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
3 LUMINAIRES
3.3 Commercial Types of
Luminaire
6. Task and table lights
7. Floor lights
8. Exterior lights
a.
Lantern
b.
Bollards
LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
3 LUMINAIRES
3.3 Commercial Types of Luminaire
9. Fluorescent Luminaires
a. Open-type
b. Industrial type
c. Troffer- linear luminaire constructed
of an inverted metal trough that
serves as a fixture for fluorescent
lamps
d. Weather-proof
RSW – MT: COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
Search and define the following terms:
1. Telecommunication
2. Analog transmission
3. Digital transmission
4. Internet
Types of internet:
5. Dial-up
6. Dsl
7. Cable
8. Satellite
9. 3g and 4g
10. Types of telephone system (7)